Thoughts on general training and socialization with an anxious dog:
First, did you do a Welpenförderung class, or any sort of puppy class when your dog first came to you?
If so, what was his general demeanor, typical behavior in the puppy class, did that trainer have any comments, concerns, suggestions?
A bit of background might help us give you more on-target advice.
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You are right in wanting to get professional help ASAP. At 5 months your pup is approaching adolescence, where even the most chilled of pups sometime take a step backwards. With an anxious pup, working on continued socialization in an age appropriate way is key.
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I have found that combining different approaches has been needed with most of my dogs.
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Some of what you wrote is reminiscent of my Hooligan when she first came to me. She was 11 months old then, so a bit more mature - or at least physically. Emotionally she was still very much a puppy.
Quick backstory: Hooligan, unwanted and thus unprofitable, was left to run wild at the breeder’s farm for her first 11 months. No training, no socialization other than the interaction with her mother, siblings, and her mother's next litter. (Yes, poor mom was bred every season - so you know what kind of (insert expletive here) this was.) While Hooligan was friendly with her ‘pack’, she was afraid of the wider world. Fearful of most new experiences and terrified of dogs she did not know, especially GSDs and BCs with a hard-eyed stare. Typical self-reinforcing fear reaction “I barked, they walked on, they didn’t hurt me, that must be what works so I’ll bark next time too.” Walks were painful, to say the least.
Clearly we had rehab work to do.
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One sort of universal with an anxious dog is that you want to set your dog up for success, you want to manage encounters when possible to ensure positive experiences at each stage of interaction/socialization to help your dog build self-confidence. And you want to avoid overwhelming your dog, pushing him into the discomfort zone at any stage.
So first, think of what kind of training would be most beneficial to your dog at the beginning. Would one-to-one work be best? Would a class? Or maybe a combination of the two?
As you think about classes, again, what kind? Would a Junghund course, where the dogs are all adolescents like yours? Or class of small dogs like yours? Or a class of all sizes and ages? Or perhaps all three?
Key is chosing a training program that best fits your dog’s individual needs and developmental phase. And key to that is finding a trainer who is not only skilled but also empathetic to what you and your dog are going through.
Not every trainer will be a good fit for you and your dog, so I recommend first reading up on the trainer, make sure your ideas mesh. Most trainers have a blurb on their websites discussing their philosophy. Then when you narrow down the list of possibilities, meet with several trainers before making a commitment. Ask to observe a class, without your dog, to get an idea of how the trainer works with the class participants. Then schedule a meeting with your dog, outside of class time. Assess the chemistry between the trainer, you, and your dog.
You want to find someone who is going to be a resource, a source of support. Training is a partnership between the trainer and you and your dog.
I’ll toss out my usual comment: Fear, pain, intimidation, which often hide under the so-called dominance methods, have no place in training, especially when working with an anxious or fearful dog. These methods can do more harm to a fearful dog. Please avoid anyone espousing these methods.
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When I was dealing with young Hooligan’s reactivity, what worked for us was a combination of group classes and one-to-one lessons.
I opted for ‘Familienhund’ type classes, the kind of class that is a little bit of everything, from basic training to games to sports to excursions. I chose this because it was fun for Hooligan, fun for me, and exposed us to a wider variety of activities and interactions.
The beauty of a group class is that it is a controlled interaction.
The trainer first put us in with dogs who would generally be a good fit for Hooligan, calm steady tolerant older dogs who wouldn’t trigger her ‘issues’, from whom she could learn. And with owners who understood that we needed some special consideration. We had the option of working with the group or by ourselves at a distance from the group when Hooligan showed signs of coming close to her threshold. As Hooligan gained confidence, we found ourselves more and more involved with the group. We repeated this with different classes, working with different dogs at the training ground to broaden her social skills.
The second prong was 1-1 walks with our trainer. Working in her safe controlled group class gave Hooligan confidence, but we also had to try to tackle the real world where other owners were not understanding or even polite, where other dogs were not under control. (Of course these owners should have been following etiquette and their dog should have been better under control... but real life is what it is. We had to learn to cope.)
The trainer was a huge help on these walks, helping me with my timing as I worked with Hooligan, helping me read her body language, helping me read the other unknown dog’s body language, pointing out things I did not notice, etc. Having a second set of eyes is very valuable.
One thing that really made a difference was understanding where Hooligan’s reaction zone and reaction time was. That is, how far away from another dog did she need to be to keep under threshold and when did she begin to react. Again, with the idea that we wanted to set her up for success so we wanted to start well within her comfort zone. In the beginning, we had to keep quite a distance, arcing around an oncoming dog, avoiding direct face to face contact, beginning distraction techniques at the first sign of a dog on the horizon. Over time we could reduce that distance and time as she learned to relax, as she gained confidence - and as I got better at communicating with her.
Now it wasn’t all roses. We had a lot of one-step-forward-one-step-backwards, I shed more than a few tears in those early days. That is to be expected. Key is to break the training plan down to small, achievable goals - and celebrate the small victories along the way. My body language, my level of confidence - or lack of panic - obviously played a large part. I had to learn how to communicate effectively with Hooligan. After all, training is really all about training the owner - who then trains their dog.
Behavior problems are not solved overnight - one needs to commit to the long haul. One needs to be flexible, creative, open-minded as you and your dog learn together. But with the right help it does indeed get better!
One thing to understand about behavior that stems from fear or anxiety is that one needs to help the dog to change the emotion if one is to change the behavior. Without addressing the underlying emotion you are only suppressing symptoms - which can backfire. There are several ways to approach desensitization and counter-conditioning, your trainer should help you find the right approach for your dog.
Here is where a bit of background reading might help.
Turid Rugaas’ classic book ‘Calming Signals’ is an easy guide to learning to read your dog. Clarissa von Reinhardt'’s “Stress in Dogs’ is another quick read to introduce the topic.
https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Turid-Rug...=UTF8&qid=&sr=
https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Martina-S...ks%2C61&sr=1-1
I also recommend Patricia McConnell, Dr Sophia Yin, Karen Pryor, Jean Donaldson, Emma Parsons, Sara Fisher, Grisha Stewart, Ian Dunbar, John Bradshaw... just to name a few of the trainers, behaviorists, philosophers in the ‘positive canon’. If you prefer videos, I highly recommend Emily Larlham’s ‘Kikopup’ channel. And when you need to raise your spirits, Martin Rütter’s videos are wonderful - laugh and learn at the same time. I found that reading around the various philosophies of dog training helped me to put together a more effective ’tool box’ to help my dogs.
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As you look for trainer recommendations, a potential starting place might be the Zürich list of approved trainers for the mandatory Welpenförderung, Junghund, and Erwachsene course. Yes, I know you are not required to do these due to your dog’s breed, but nonetheless this list of trainers might be a good place to start your research. These are people who have been accredited by the canton, and should all follow positive methods. Of course there will be a wide variation of ideas and methods, but there should be a common core. Many of these trainers offer a variety of classes, not just the mandatory courses. Perhaps one might offer what you need. Scroll down to about three quarters down the page for the link to the mandatory course trainers.
https://www.zh.ch/de/umwelt-tiere/ti...ml#-1928044208
And, if you give us an idea of how far you can travel, we can add in our own recommendations.
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I certainly understand and empathize with what you are going through, and wish you and your pup all the very best.