Linda, I am sorry to hear that you are having trouble - but what has happened to you is indeed common.
I have had many dogs here in Switzerland, had wonderful neighbors who truly accepted me and delighted in my dogs, and have had the neighbors from hell who instituted a mobbing campaign, even tried to kill my dogs. So I empathize, I honestly do. Whether you live happily here with dogs is a roll of the 'neighbors' dice.
However, the best way - no, the only way - we can give our dogs a good life here in Switzerland is to understand that the onus is on us, the dog owners, to adjust to local norms.
Part of that is understanding that while dogs have the right to an 'artgerecht' life here in Switzerland under the federal animal welfare law, the 'gotcha' is that no one has the right to have a dog - and so there is no obligation to provide for our dogs from public resources. We must do this privately. If we do not have the appropriate private property to give our dogs what they need, then we dog owners have to go above and beyond to make sure we find a way to live in harmony with our neighbors.
So - yes, your neighbors are well within their rights to complain. You should not allow your dog to urinate on common ground in a residential area.
If you don't have a private garden you'll need to get creative. And in dealing with the neighbors, you need to be proactive.
First, contact the landlord to find out where exactly you may allow your dog to urinate. Offer to pay for whatever maintance might be required. Hopefully there might be a small strip away from any grassy areas. You will need to train your dog to use this area, and only this area. Training a dog to urinate on command (assuming the dog is healthy) is actually fairly easy. Carry a watering can with you and water in the area after your dog has urinated to reduce damage or smell.
If there is nowhere that you may use within 'reasonable bladder distance' from your house, then you will need to drive somewhere. In your area, the walks along Raten Pass to Gotschalkenberg or in the other direction to St Jost are paradise for dogs.
Second, send a letter to all your neighbors acknowledging their concerns. Appologize for not having understood the house rules, and now that you do you are working on training your dog. If you are active in a Hundeschule mention this, as knowing that you are in 'official' training goes a long way to getting neighbors off your back. If the landlord has given you permission to use one specific spot then state that to head off future complaints. Ask the neighbors to come directly to you with any concerns so that you can address them. Be polite, not defensive.
If this doesn't work - likely you will have to move in order to have a 'normal' life with your dog. Look for a home or flat with your own private garden. A private garden doesn't stop all the difficulties, but it makes them so much more manageable.
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But after you have taken proactive steps, try not to stress too much. Take your dog up to Raten Pass - it's one of the more beautiful walks in the area, especially just as the sun is rising. You'll likely meet many kindred souls walking their dogs - hopefully some will become friends.
Wishing you all the best.